Some public water naturally has flouride in it without adding it. IIRC it was high flouride well water in Colorado that revealed its benefits You can also use flouride rinses or just not rinse after brushing. This doesn't help kids though, which as I understand it are the primary beneficiaries of flouride in waterr.

Sorry friend, "Rubio" is a Hispanic name, so off to El Salvador he goes...no crime necessary.

Of course it is, along with the Administration ignoring a judge's order. The point is that this DOJ will not prosecute it. AG Bondi had made that clear.

Exactly who are you thinking would bring criminal charges? The DOJ certainly won't. His family might get some sort of civil judgement. Possibly a civil rights case filed with a state?

It can also be EXTREMELY long code to do something relatively simple. I bounce between base and ggplot, and use ggh4x for some oddly difficult stuff in ggplot.

That is one reason to do tariffs. However, as someone who's consulted in a variety of industries, it's stupid to do non-targeted tariffs like this. There's no way this is going to rebuild industry on shore in the US, exactly as you say. That takes years or decades to even build up an infrastructure and a supply chain, not to mention that, at least recently, we've had low unemployment rates and no one to work the jobs anyway.

The CHIPS act was a better way to do it. If you believe you need to re-onshore an industry, then give multiple years' warning before implementing tariffs and provide support for redeploying domestic production capacity. However, for some strange reason, the Republicans don't like that act.

I think your general point may be correct, but remember that tariffed countries don't pay anything, it is the US importers that pay and pass that along to US consumers.

BE NOT AFRAID...🙄

The guy behind Wing Commander (and my favorite game of all time, Privateer) has a mission based space flight game out next year. You can see the first hour of gameplay here: https://youtu.be/1H-0x4xk2Xk

Keep in mind, cutscenes are in-engine not pre-rendered.

As a person who grows a few Venus flytraps, the traps exude a sweet nectar along the inner upper edge. Flies another insects are attracted to that, and the color red, eat some nectar, hit the trigger hairs, the leaves snap shut in a few microseconds, and they are trapped. They're struggles after that are necessary for the leaf to fully close and form the hermetic stomach for digestion.

They're eating the doges!

Thanks for all the work you do for us!

Metallurgy is pretty neat stuff I think.

All right, let's talk about that. This is long because I want to convey WHY what you are thinking would be impossible on orbit. This is a process I am an expert in so I can walk you through it, but the same level of complexity exists for virtually any process of manufacture. People not in an industry vastly underestimate that complexity.

First, there is a bit of chicken and egg. We won't need a lot of materials on orbit until we have a lot of people on orbit, but we can't get a lot of people on orbit until we have a lot is material on orbit. But I actually think that is a less important issue that we can imagine might be overcome.

What materials do we use in the vacuum of space? Steel is terrible. It has a low strength to weight ratio and its coefficient of thermal expansion is high and it embrittles when it gets cold.

Aluminum (the industry I started in) is a great material for use in space. And it often comes up in space mining discussions since it is a very abundant element in the universe.

It is also very abundant on Earth. Pick up a rock and it probably has aluminum in it.

So why didn't it come into use until the 20th century?

Aluminum is highly reactive, and it is really hard to separate from most minerals. Today, we use vast amounts of electricity run through carbon electrodes to rip aluminum ions off alumina in molten salt. Now electricity is easy enough to make in space, so we could imagine a supply of that. Same with heat. Carbon is much harder to come by, but we could against imagine ways to do that.

We start to run into trouble when we consider the extremely powerful magnetic field that is created. It is so high that you can't bring a watch close to the cells without messing it up, and you certainly can't use a computer nearby. Of course we have ways around that on Earth, but you can imagine this is exponentially more dangerous at a space station refinery. Molten salts, massive magnets, fried computers, vacuum of space, not a good combo.

But humans are clever, so let's say we figure a way to do all this somehow and have molten aluminum ready to cast. Now we run into the real fundamental problems.

Once you have molten aluminum you have to alloy it. Pure aluminum is about as soft as gold. Depending on the alloy, you will need copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and a few others. These will need to be obtained on orbit also, and in highly pure forms. Each of them will have similar but unique issues as I am describing for aluminum. (This by itself is an almost impossible hurdle if you imagine the massive infrastructure needed before you can even cast you first alloyed ingot.) You also need vast amounts of either chlorine gas or some noble gas for pulling hydrogen out of the molten aluminum.

Then you have to cast it. Casting requires removing an enormous amount of heat very quickly. On Earth we use vast amounts of water to do that. We could imagine we grabbed a comet or something and refined the water from it (additional infrastructure) and we will soon need more. If you are thinking that getting rid of heat in a vacuum is easy and we can find a way to do it quickly without water, think again. Heat dissipation is a major problem in spacecraft design.

Ok, solving that we run into the next problem. The thermodynamics of cooling an ingot mean that you have big crystals inside the ingot that you need to dissolve. We preheat the ingot, but now we need to work it to the size we want it. Here, we do that with a gigantic roller. That roller uses a huge amount of organic lubricant, as well as monumental amounts of steel, copper, as well as gold, silicon, etc. We need to have made all that on orbit. And more power.

Hand waving that, now we have wrought aluminum. For some alloys you need to work it more, so you need more rollers, for other types you need to heat it up again to dissolve the alloying elements and spray it with more water to cool it down very quickly. Once you do that you build up residual stresses that warp the plate and makes precision machining impossible. So now you need stretchers to stretch the plates. Those use either huge pneumatic or hydraulic systems to generate immense forces, up to 14 million pounds. You can imagine some catastrophic failures there.

Hand waving that aside, now you have a plate of aluminum. You need to machine it into shapes. Again, we need the infrastructure to get the materials needed to make and then build precision CNC machines and to keep them running with their lubricants, maintenance, etc.

And now we get to the most fundamental problem. The only realistic way to make aluminum is the process I have described, and all that depends on starting with alumina. But we don't mine alumina. Even though aluminum the element is common, we need to find a much rarer ore named bauxite to start the process. The only place to find bauxite is in the tropics in soils that have been highly leached by long exposure to rain. There is not likely to be bauxite in asteroids.

All of this process is even more complicated with titanium. And it's ore is rutile, often found in rare beach sands.

I can imagine ways around some of these issues, and I'm sure you can too. But ALL of them? And getting funding for overcoming all of them? And we need to overcome all of them before the first pound of metal is even produced. Unless technology has an enormous science fiction level breakthrough, no.

And keep in mind this is just one part of the infrastructure. Someone else who is an expert in motor design, power generation, or whatever else would spin just as complicated a story in their area.

And again, I am on your side on this. The risk that we squander easily accessible materials on Earth and lock ourselves out of space is my long term fear. But in my opinion, asteroid mining is absolutely not where we start, and may not ever be viable for metals. We have to get better at using and reusing what is cheap and available now to have a hope of starting the generations long project of getting access to more materials than we have on Earth, probably from other planets or maybe dwarf planets.

For FAR less than trying to mine in space we can develop emissionless refining methods and less destructive mining on Earth. I'd purpose that path as more realistic.

I worked at an emissionless copper refinery back in the 80s. You know why we still emit sulphur dioxide during copper refining? Because this company shut it down because it was not economically viable with a copper price below like $1.50 a pound. There is just no way space mining is an answer in the short or medium term. You are taking orders of magnitudes of difference in cost, if it is even possible at all.

And it may not be.

One of the many reasons mining is so comparatively cheap on Earth is because the planet has kindly concentrated interesting minerals for us. This does not happen for most asteroids, they are undifferentiated. Earth may have a smaller proportion of some element than an asteroid on average, but due to any of a number of gravity and atmospheric driven processes we have learned to find areas where it is so concentrated it is worthwhile to pick it up from the ground. Due to these processes we can find gold ores with 1 gram of gold per ton and that is economical. You would have to find some way to refine an entire asteroid to extract what is valuable. No gold veins there.

And you have to think about how you are going to get it here to where we can use it. What impact do you think it will make to the environment to deorbit a years worth of whatever metal? Do the calculations yourself to understand the amount of heat. It would be a constant addition of heat to the atmosphere for any realistic technology that, at scale, could be as bad or worse than HCGW.

Friend, I am on your side here, but if there's is not an economic incentive to do something, it is not going to happen. It will be hard enough to require the additional cost of using known technology here on Earth that would make the use and reuse of these materials sustainable. We should focus our mineral efforts there, not space.

If we colonize the Moon or Mars, mining there for local purposes could well be viable, but economically even less viable to send that to Earth.

There is no economically viable space mining scenario now. Someday with a large free fall population there might be, with CHON mining first, but even that is completely untested technology built on massive assumptions.

I wish it were different, I really do, since we may run out of easily available resources here and lose the ability to get out there.

Speaking as a metallurgical engineer with experience in mining. There is no resource out there that we can't mine on Earth for a bazillion dollars (approx.) less.

On the Mars side of things, I like Aldrin's cycler idea for a practical pipeline to Mars, but I'm not an expert on that. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_cycler

Great idea! We are lucky in that we go hunting trees on my mom's property, which really needs to be thinned out for fire mitigation. They don't look like lot trees- they have more character so each year's tree is unique.

Had a print of this in my house growing up. It looks like my dad.

Proud to say that in Colorado, ranked choice voting is on the ballot this year! It's even supported by the big political names here, including the governor.

I actually had the TI-59. I remember I entered a program where you are trying to avoid a missile running on vectors and a mine that was teleporting around on a Cartesian grid, and saved that on one of the magnetic strips. And also programmed the quadratic equation on a magnetic card. It had a base it could attach to that provided power and had a thermal printer strip. That calculator also had a place to put a pre-programmed chip into it. I think I had casino games or something.

If you're wondering how I had all that in high school, well that was what my dad thought would buy my affection when he left my mom for the secretary... Didn't work, but I got a piece of cutting edge hardware for it.